Typically, a single AXM initiates and forms in each leaf axil, which together with the leaf, node and subtending internode, generates a phytomer unit ( Mcmaster, 2005). These features are determined by the activity and fate of the shoot apical meristem, axillary meristems (AXMs), leaf meristems and intercalary meristems ( McKim, 2019). It is largely defined by plant height, leaf arrangement, branching patterns and inflorescence morphology ( Wang et al., 2018). Shoot architecture is a major determinant of the function, diversification and adaptation of barley. Globally, barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) is the second most important temperate cereal crop after wheat. This study offers valuable insights into the molecular regulation of barley plant architecture and inflorescence development. Collectively, we propose that Hv MSNSD regulates the plastochron and morphology of reproductive organs, likely by coordinating GA homeostasis and changed expression of floral development related genes in barley. Several known genes related to inflorescence development that were also upregulated and enriched in the msnsd mutant. RNA-seq analysis showed that a gene encoding gibberellin 2-oxidase 8, a negative regulator of GA biosynthesis, was upregulated in the msnsd mutant. Using a segregating population derived from Harrington and the msnsd mutant, Hv MSNSD was fine-mapped on chromosome 5H in a 200 kb interval using bulked segregant analysis (BSA) coupled with RNA-sequencing (BSR-seq), with a C-T substitution in the exon of HvTCP25 co-segregating with the msnsd phenotype. Genetic analysis revealed that a single recessive nuclear gene, namely, Hv MSNSD, controlled the msnsd phenotype. Further physiological analysis showed that msnsd was GA 3-deficient, with its plant height increasing after external GA 3 application.
Microscopic analysis showed that the dwarf phenotype of msnsd resulted from reduced cell lengths and cell numbers in the stem. Moreover, the mutant had two or more spikes on each tiller. Results and discussion: The msnsd mutant had more stem nodes, lower plant height and a shorter plastochron than Edamai 934. Methods: In this study, physiological, microscopic and genetic analysis were conducted to characterize and fine-map the underling gene of a barley mutant with Multiple Stem Nodes and Spikes and Dwarf ( msnsd), which was selected from EMS- and 60Co-treated barley cv. Introduction: Multiple nodes and dwarf mutants in barley are a valuable resource for identifying genes that control shoot branching, vegetative growth and development. 7Western Crop Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.6Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.5Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Hubei, Jingzhou, China.4School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Hubei, Wuhan, China.3Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei, Wuhan, China.2Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Hubei, Wuhan, China.1Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei, Wuhan, China.Qin 1,2,3† Rui Liu 1,4† Fuchao Xu 1,2,3† Guoqing Dong 4 Qing Xu 1,2,3 Yanchun Peng 1,2,3 Le Xu 5 Hongna Cheng 1,5 Ganggang Guo 6* Jing Dong 1,2,3* Chengdao Li 7*
The Visual Object Tracking VOT2014 Challenge Results.Dandan D. Li, Stefan Duffner, Stuart Golodetz, Thomas Mauthner, Vibhav Vineet, Weiyao Lin, Yang Li, Yuankai Qi, Zhen Lei, Zhi Heng Niu: Torr, Qingming Huang, Richard Bowden, Sam Hare, Samantha YueYing Lim, Seunghoon Hong, Shengcai Liao, Simon Hadfield, Stan Z.
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